Characterization of Red Seaweed Chondracanthus Chamissoi from the Coasts of Perú: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Functional Properties.

The present investigation finds that Chondracanthus chamissoi seaweed abounding in Peruvian coasts is characterized by its nutritional composition, total polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, and functional properties such as water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), and swelling capacity (SC). Boiling and steaming were applied before dehydration to evaluate the effect of these thermal treatments, keeping a control sample. The results indicated that the control dried seaweed sample presented 20.2 ± 0.16 g/100 g dw of proteins, 20.0 ± 0.61 g/100 g dw of ash, and 56.6 ± 0.08 g/100 g dw of total dietary fiber. In addition, the control sample presented 1.6 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g of total polyphenol content and 2.4 ± 0.30 mM Trolox mg/g of antioxidant capacity. In boiling samples, the apparent nutrient retention factors for proteins, fat, and dietary fiber are 96, 47 and 74%, respectively. In the steaming sample, the values were 102, 29, and 92%. The boiling before dehydration causes a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total polyphenols and increases carbohydrates. Steaming before dehydration, a significant (p < 0.05) increase occurs in carbohydrates without significantly altering the concentration of total polyphenols. Regarding the functional properties, C. chamissoi presents 17.6 ± 0.15 g/g of WHC, 2.4 ± 0.78 g/g of OHC, and 9.8 ± 0.75 mL/g of SC. Boiling produces an increase in WHC and OHC; steaming does not affect the properties of the control sample.C. chamissoi seaweed collected from the coasts of Perú is an excellent alternative for use as food and ingredients in processed foods for human consumption.

Harina de cáscara de zanahorias como ingrediente en la elaboración de galletas

En el presente estudio se evalúa la incorporación de cáscaras de zanahoria como ingrediente en galletas en diferentes concentraciones, de esta manera se pueden disminuir los desperdicios además de aprovechar nutrientes, compuestos bioactivos y fibra dietética de las cáscaras. Se recolectaron cáscaras de zanahorias, se lavaron, deshidrataron a 60°C por 24 horas y posteriormente de molieron finamente para obtener harina de cáscara de zanahoria (HCZ). Se desarrollaron galletas con la incorporación de 0, 5, 10 y 20% de HCZ en reemplazo de harina (Muestras CZ0, CZ5, CZ10 y CZ20 respectivamente). Se evaluó la preferencia y aceptabilidad sensorial de las muestras de galletas, mediante prueba de ordenamiento y escala hedónica de 9 puntos por parámetros (apariencia, color, aroma, sabor, textura, aceptabilidad general) respectivamente. También se evaluó la saciedad producida por su consumo mediante "Cociente de Saciedad" (CS) que utiliza la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) para cuantificar el estado de saciedad en diferentes tiempos. Se determinó el contenido de fibra dietética (FD) en la HCZ y en las muestras de galletas por método enzimático-gravimétrico. Los resultados demostraron que la muestra CZ20 logró la primera preferencia sensorial y la mayor aceptabilidad sensorial en forma significativa (p<0.05). La incorporación de HCZ en galletas produjo aumento del contenido de fibra dietética y del CS. En base a los resultados obtenidos se concluyó que la mejor opción resultó ser la galleta con 20% de HCZ, ya que sensorialmente es la de mayor preferencia y de mayor aceptabilidad, contiene más fibra dietética y provoca más saciedad.

In the present study, the incorporation of carrot peels as an ingredient in cookies in different concentrations is evaluated, in this way, waste can be reduced in addition to taking advantage of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fiber from the peels. Carrot peels were collected, washed, dehydrated at 60°C for 24 hours, and then finely ground to obtain carrot peel flour (CPF). Cookies were developed with the incorporation of 0, 5, 10, and 20% of CPF in replacement of flour (Samples CZ0, CZ5, CZ10, and CZ20 respectively). The preference and sensory acceptability of the cookies samples were evaluated using an an-Ranking test and a 9-point Hedonic Scale by parameters (appearance, color, aroma, flavor, texture, general acceptability) respectively. The satiety produced by its consumption was also evaluated through the "Satiety Quotient" (SQ) which uses the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to quantify the state of satiety at different times. The dietary fiber (DF) content in the CPF and in the cookies samples was determined by the enzymatic-gravimetric method. The results showed that the CZ20 sample achieved the first sensory preference and the highest sensory acceptability in a significant way (p<0.05). The incorporation of CPF in cookies produced an increase in the content of dietary fiber and SQ. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the best option turned out to be the cookie with 20% CPF, since sensorially it is the most preferred and most acceptable, contains more dietary fiber and causes more satiety than the other samples.

Changes in the Use of Non-nutritive Sweeteners in the Chilean Food and Beverage Supply After the Implementation of the Food Labeling and Advertising Law.

Reductions on the sugars content of the food supply have been described after the initial implementation Chilean Labeling Law, but it is unclear if sugars were replaced by non-caloric sweeteners (NNS). We evaluated changes in the NNSs use in foods and beverages after the initial implementation of the labeling law. We used longitudinal data on packaged foods and beverages collected in six major supermarkets and three candy distributors in Santiago, Chile, in January-February 2015/2016 and in January-February 2017. We included in the analysis beverages, dairy-based beverages, yogurts, breakfast cereals, desserts and ice creams, candies and sweet confectioneries, and sweet spreads with a market share ≥1% of their food groups (n = 999). We compared the use of any NNS, the number of different NNSs used, and the combined use of NNSs and ingredients adding sugars using non-parametric tests for matched samples. We evaluated the association between a reduction in sugars and starting NNS use in the post-implementation period using negative binomial regression. The use of any NNS increased from 37.9 to 43.6% (p < 0.001) after the law's implementation, NNSs increased among beverages, dairy-based beverages, yogurts, and desserts and ice creams (p < 0.05), driven mostly by increases in sucralose and stevia use (p < 0.05). We found that reformulated products that reduced the amount of sugars below the law's cutoff were more likely to start using an NNS in the post-implementation period (prevalence ratio: 12.1; 95%CI: 7.2-20.2; p < 0.001). Our results suggest that NNSs likely replaced sugars after the initial implementation of the law. Further analyses should explore how these changes may impact NNS consumption.

Edible Oil Parameters during Deterioration Processes.

With the continuous increase in research on lipids, technologies and the development of chemical-analytical methods associated with the characterization and monitoring of different processes that involve modifications in edible fats are increasing. The beneficial effect of lipids, especially those essential for the health of the population, is widely known. However, degradation compounds are also produced that eventually have negative effects. In this dual context, the monitoring of the changes suffered by nutritional compounds can be obtained thanks to the development of technologies and analytical methods applied to the study of lipids. The modifications that lipids undergo can be followed by a wide variety of methods, ranging from the basic ones associated with simple chemical titrations to the more complex ones associated with sophisticated laboratory equipment. These determinations involve chemical and/or physical quantification of lipids to know an initial condition on the major and minor components. In addition to technologies that allow monitoring during more complex processes such as thermal deterioration, in multiple conditions depending on the objective of the study, this review could benefit a comprehensive understanding of lipid deterioration for future developments and research in the study of fats and oils for human consumption.

Efecto de cocción en horno convencional y microondas sobre rancidez, pérdida por cocción y diferencia sensorial de hamburguesas / Effect of conventional oven versus microwave cooking on rancidity, cooking loss and sensory difference of hamburger patties

El uso de microondas está muy extendido a nivel doméstico gracias a su rapidez y facilidad de uso. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar el efecto de cocción de hamburguesas de distintos tipos de carne, en microondas y en horno convencional, sobre la pérdida de peso y estabilidad oxidativa. Además, determinar si existen diferencias desde el punto de vista sensorial aplicando una prueba triangular, comparando 2 productos presentados en tríos, uno que corresponde a hamburguesa cocida en microondas y otro a hamburguesa cocida en horno convencional. Se adquirieron hamburguesas de pollo, pavo, cerdo y vacuno en el comercio, se cocinaron en horno convencional y en microondas. Se calculó pérdida por cocción, se evaluó la rancidez y diferencias sensoriales entre hamburguesas del mismo tipo de carne, cocidas en distinto tipo de horno. La pérdida por cocción fue menor en hamburguesas cocidas en microondas. La acidez e índice de peróxido aumentaron en las muestras cocidas en ambos tipos de hornos respecto a hamburguesas crudas. La acidez fue mayor en hamburguesas cocidas en horno convencional, y el índice de peróxido fue mayor en hamburguesas cocidas en microondas, llegando a 10,6 meq O2/kg. En el análisis sensorial se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre las hamburguesas cocidas en horno convencional y en microondas. Resulta mejor opción cocinar hamburguesas en horno convencional, ya que el índice de peróxidos es menor que al cocinar en microondas; dentro del tipo de hamburguesas, son más estables las de vacuno y cerdo frente a la oxidación.

The use of microwaves is very widespread at the domestic level thanks to its speed and ease of use. The aim of this study was to compare cooking loss, rancidity and sensory differences for hamburger patties cooked in conventional versus microwave ovens. We also determined sensorial differences with the triangular test, comparing two products presented in threesomes, one that corresponded to a patty cooked in the microwave and the other in a conventional oven. Chicken, turkey, pork and beef patties were purchased commercially, cooked in a conventional oven and in microwaves. Cooking loss was calculated, rancidity and sensory differences were evaluated between patties of the same type of meat and cooked in the different oven types. Cooking loss was lower in patties cooked in microwaves compared to those cooked in conventional ovens. For both oven types, acidity and peroxide index increased with respect to raw ones. Acidity was higher in hamburgers cooked in conventional ovens and the peroxide index was higher in burgers cooked in microwaves, reaching 10.6 meq O2/kg. In sensory analysis, significant differences were found (p<0.05) between patties cooked in a conventional oven and in microwaves. It is a better option to cook patties in a conventional oven, because the peroxide index is smaller than in microwaves; and within types of patties, beef and pork are more stable against oxidation.

The Role of Non-Caloric Sweeteners in Sensory Characteristics of Pastry Products.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the role of non-caloric sweeteners in pastry products considering the product made with sugar as a control sample. Sensory preference and acceptability with consumers were determined through ranking test and 9-point hedonic scale respectively. The satiation and satiety were determined by the visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, caloric intake; macronutrients; physical parameters such as yield, specific volume, hardness, cohesiveness, and gum; stability in storage time by microbiological analysis; and moisture variation of the samples were calculated. The results showed that the preference and sensory acceptability is significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the control sample; the sweeteners decreased the sensory response, but not the satiation and satiety, although these are not related to the sensory response and did not present significant differences with the control sample, except in the satiation parameter of the sample sweetened with Stevia. The physical and texture parameters highlight the best quality of the control sample and are related to the sensory response. The shelf life is also greater in the control sample, which shows that sugar contributes sweetness and other technological characteristics related to texture, stability during storage, aroma, color, and flavor, thanks to the Maillard reaction.

Comparación del contenido de azúcares y edulcorantes no calóricos en néctares y bebidas antes y después de implementar la ley chilena 20606 / Comparison of sugar and non- caloric sweetener content in beverages before and after implementing Chilean law 20606

RESUMEN Para enfrentar el problema de sobrepeso y obesidad en Chile, el enfoque de las políticas públicas debe enfatizar en medidas preventivas, cambiando el entorno en que el individuo se desarrolla para ayudarle a tener un estilo de vida más saludable. La Ley 20.606, tiene por objetivo principal proteger la salud de los chilenos, en especial de los niños, incorporando un marco regulatorio que contempla etiquetado frontal de advertencia en alimentos, prohibición de publicidad dirigida a menores de 14 años y prohibición de venta de alimentos con altos niveles de nutrientes críticos en establecimientos escolares. Las bebidas y néctares azucarados representan una de las fuentes más importantes de azúcares añadidos en la dieta y son de alto consumo por la población chilena. Por tal motivo se revisó la información nutricional y lista de ingredientes en etiquetas de néctares y bebidas de fantasía comercializadas en Chile, antes y después de la promulgación de la Ley 20.606. Los resultados mostraron que las formulaciones de los productos comercializados en el año 2017 se modificaron disminuyendo la concentración de azúcar, sin embargo, se incorporaron edulcorantes no calóricos, los que se encuentran cuestionados por muchos investigadores por posibles efectos adversos para la salud.

ABSTRACT To address the problem of overweight and obesity in Chile, the focus of public policies should emphasize preventive measures to change the environment in which the individual develops and help facilitate a healthier lifestyle. The main objective of the Chilean law 20.606 is to protect the health of Chileans, especially children, by incorporating a regulatory framework that includes a frontal warning labeling on food, a ban on advertising aimed at children under 14 and a ban on the sale of foods with high levels of critical nutrients in schools. Sugar sweetened beverages represent the largest source of added dietary sugars and discretionary calories for Chileans. For this reason, nutritional information and the ingredient list for the nutritional labeling of soft drinks commercialized in Chile were reviewed, before and after enactment of Chilean law 20.606. The results indicated that the formulations of products marketed in 2017 were modified by decreasing the concentration of sugar, however non-caloric sweeteners were incorporated, which are questioned by many researchers for possible adverse effects on health.

Algas marinas como ingrediente funcional en productos cárnicos / Seaweed as a functional ingredient in meat products

RESUMEN Las algas marinas constituyen un valioso recurso para el desarrollo de productos alimenticios gracias a su composición nutricional, contienen alta concentración de proteínas, vitaminas, minerales y fibra dietética, que en el caso de las algas es particularmente rica en fracción soluble. Las algas además contienen componentes beneficiosos para la salud, como ácidos grasos ω-3 y moléculas bioactivas, con actividad antioxidante, antiinflamatoria, anticancerígena y antidiabética. Además, poseen propiedades tecnológicas, por lo que su incorporación en alimentos procesados y especialmente productos cárnicos como salchichas, hamburguesas, emulsiones cárnicas y otras, resulta beneficioso desde el punto de vista tecnológico y sensorial, siempre que se incorpore en una concentración adecuada.

ABSTRACT Seaweed is a valuable resource for food development due to its nutritional composition. It is high in protein, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber, and particularly rich in soluble fiber. Seaweed also contains components beneficial to health such as ω-3 PUFAs, bioactive molecules with antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic activity. It also has technological properties, so its incorporation in processed foods and especially meat products such as sausages, hamburgers, meat emulsions and others would be beneficial from the technological and sensorial point of view, if it is incorporated in an adequate concentration.

Efecto de inulina en la saciedad en humanos / Inulin Effect in Human Satiety

Resumen Antecedentes: actualmente, existe un creciente interés en investigar los componentes de los alimentos que tengan la característica de la saciedad. Algunos constituyentes de la fibra dietética presentan esta característica, como la inulina, que corresponde a un prebiótico. Objetivo: analizar y discutir el efecto de la inulina en la saciedad en humanos. Materiales y métodos: se hizo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases Scielo, Science Direct, Pubmed, Oxford Journals, revisando artículos de nutrición y alimentos. Resultados: se revisaron estudios en diversos grupos poblacionales, con diferentes métodos de evaluación de la saciedad y diversas dosis de inulina. Los resultados obtenidos fueron controversiales, en algunos casos se demostró efecto en la saciedad; y en otros, no; por lo tanto, no es posible afirmar que la inulina tenga el efecto de generar saciedad en humanos; se observa un efecto potenciador de la saciedad al ser añadido a algunas preparaciones que producen saciedad individualmente. Conclusiones: no es posible afirmar que la inulina tenga el efecto de generar saciedad en humanos.

Abstract Background: There is currently a growing interest in researching components of foods that have satiety power. Some constituents of dietary fiber have this characteristic, like the inulin that corresponds to a prebiotic. Objective: Analyze and discuss the effect of inulin on satiety in humans. Materials and Methods: A bibliographic search was done using Scielo, Science Direct, Pubmed, and Oxford Journals databases, reviewing nutrition and food items. Results: Studies were reviewed in different population groups, with different methods of evaluation of satiety and various doses of inulin. Controversial results were obtained, some cases showed an effect on satiety and others did not, therefore it is not possible to affirm that inulin has the effect of satiety in humans; an increase in satiety effect is observed when inulin is added to some individual preparations that already produce satiety. Conclusion: It is not possible to affirm that inulin has the effect of generating satiety in humans.

Efecto de edulcorantes no calóricos en la aceptabilidad sensorial de un producto horneado / Effect of non-caloric sweeteners in sensory acceptability of a baked product

Samples of cakes (baked biscuit-type products) made with sugar (control) and samples prepared with non-caloric sweeteners (stevia, saccharin and sucralose) were developed and acceptability evaluated using a 5-point hedonic scale test for color, aroma and flavor. The color and aroma results indicated that the cakes made with sugar have significantly larger acceptability than cakes made with non-caloric sweeteners (p< 0.05). In assessing the acceptability of taste there are significant differences between all samples of cakes, with the following descending order according to the sweetener used: sugar > stevia > sucralose > saccharin. Replacement of sugar by non-caloric sweeteners in cakes, decreased the acceptability of the products. One explanation may be because no non-enzymatic browning reactions occur such as Maillard reaction and caramelization, which generate compounds related to color, aroma and flavor of baked foods.

Se elaboraron muestras de queques (productos horneados tipo bizcocho) con azúcar (control) y con edulcorantes no calóricos (estevia, sacarina y sucralosa). Los queques se evaluaron sensorialmente mediante una prueba de aceptabilidad con una escala hedónica de 5 puntos para los parámetros de color, aroma y sabor. Los resultados de color y aroma indican que los queques elaborados con azúcar tienen una aceptabilidad significativamente mayor que los queques elaborados con los edulcorantes no calóricos (p< 0,05). En la evaluación de sabor hubo diferencias significativas entre todas las muestras de queques, con el siguiente orden decreciente según el edulcorante utilizado: azúcar > estevia > sucralosa > sacarina. El reemplazo de azúcar por edulcorantes no calóricos en los queque, disminuyó la aceptabilidad de los productos. Una explicación posible es que no se producen reacciones de pardeamiento no enzimático como reacción de Maillard y caramelización, las que generan compuestos relacionados con el color, aroma y sabor de productos horneados.

Efecto del contenido de sal en la calidad sensorial de pan / Salt content and sensory quality of bread

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of the salt content in the sensorial quality of the bread. Samples of bread with and without salt, fresh and with one day of storage were analyzed. The intensity test of sensorial attributes was used with any non-structured scale with 15 cm for the attributes smell, flavor and firmness, by an 8 persons trained panel. The typical smell was more pronounced in the bread with salt, fresh and with one day of storage (8.6 and 4.8 points respectively), compared with the bread without salt (7.7 and 4.4 points). The characteristic flavor was significantly more pronounced on the bread with salt compared to bread without salt, both fresh (8.4 and 3.5 points respectively) and with one day of storage (7.3 and 3.8 points respectively). Fresh bread with or without salt, was firm (4 and 4.2 points respectively), with firmness increasing after one day of storage, especially unsalted bread (7 and 9.7 points). We conclude that the bread with salt presents better sensorial quality than the bread without salt. The salt is important in the sensorial profile of the bread, improving the smell, flavor and texture.

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del contenido de sal en la calidad sensorial del pan. Para ello se analizaron muestras de pan con sal y pan sin sal, frescos y con un día de almacenamiento. Se aplicó una prueba de intensidad de atributos sensoriales con escala no estructurada de 15 cm para los atributos de aroma, sabor y firmeza, con un panel entrenado de 8 personas. El aroma típico era más pronunciado en el pan con sal, tanto fresco como de un día de almacenamiento (8,6 y 4,8 puntos respectivamente), comparado con el pan sin sal (7,7 y 4,4 puntos). El sabor característico fue más pronunciado en el pan con sal, siendo significativamente mayor respecto al pan sin sal, tanto fresco (8,4 y 3,5 puntos respectivamente) como de un día de almacenamiento (7,3 y 3,8 puntos respectivamente). El pan fresco, con y sin sal, era blando (4 y 4,2 puntos respectivamente), con un día de almacenamiento aumenta la firmeza, sobre todo en el pan sin sal (7 y 9,7 puntos). El pan con sal presentó mejor calidad sensorial que el pan sin sal. La sal juega un importante rol en el perfil sensorial del pan, mejorando el aroma, sabor y textura.

Chilean native fruit extracts inhibit inflammation linked to the pathogenic interaction between adipocytes and macrophages.

Obesity is characterized by an increase in the infiltration of monocytes into the adipose tissue, causing an inflammatory condition associated with, for example, the development of insulin resistance. Thus, anti-inflammatory-based treatments could emerge as a novel and interesting approach. It has been reported that Chilean native fruits maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) and calafate (Berberis microphylla) present high contents of polyphenols, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of extracts of these fruits to block the pathogenic interaction between adipocytes and macrophages in vitro and to compare its effect with blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) extract treatment, which has been already described to possess several biomedical benefits. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with 5 µg/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS), with conditioned media (CM) from fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, or in a coculture (CC) with 3T3-L1 adipocytes, in the presence or absence of 100 µM [total polyphenolic content] of each extract for 24 h. The gene expression and secretion profile of several inflammatory markers were evaluated. Nitric oxide secretion induced by LPS, CM, and CC was reduced by the presence of maqui (-12.2%, -45.6%, and -14.7%, respectively) and calafate (-27.6%, -43.9%, and -11.8%, respectively) extracts. Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-α was inhibited and of IL-10 was induced by maqui and calafate extract incubation. In conclusion, the extracts of these fruits present important inhibitory-like features over the inflammatory response of the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages, comprising a potential therapeutic tool against comorbidities associated with obesity development.

Propiedades saludables y calidad sensorial de snack de manzanas destinadas a alimentacion escolar

Se desarrolló un snack de manzana con el fin de introducir el consumo de alimentos derivados de frutas para disminuir la obesidad en escolares de Santiago de Chile. Se deshidrataron rodelas de manzanas, con la piel incluida, de variedad Fuji a 60ºC por 4 horas obteniendo un producto con 4,6 g/100 g de humedad y actividad de agua (Aw) de 0,56 . El snack de manzanas presentó 24,8 ± 0,3 g/100 g b.s. de fibra dietética y 550,16 ± 5,89 mgGAE/100 g b.s. de polifenoles lo que lo convierte en un alimento saludable, presenta además alta capacidad antioxidante medida por FRAP, con 0,59 mmolFe/100g . El análisis sensorial realizado en escolares de 8 y 12 años indica que el producto presenta alta aceptabilidad, es un producto crocante, de textura crujiente, con sabor agridulce, por lo que se constituye en una alternativa para colaciones escolares.

An apple snack has been developed with the purpose of introducing foods derived from fruit to reduce obesity in school children of Santiago, Chile. Apple slices of the ‘Fuji’ variety were dehydrated, with skin included, at 60°C for 4 h obtaining a product with 4.6 g/100 g of humidity and water activity (Aw) of 0.56. The apple snack presented 24.8 ± 0.3 g/100 g b.s. of dietary fiber and 550.16 ± 5.89 mgGAE/100 g b.s of polyphenols which converts into a healthy food, it also presents high antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP, with 0.59 mmolFe/100g. The sensory analysis done in school children between the ages of 8 and 12 years old indicates that the product presents high acceptability, is a crispy product, of a crunchy texture, with bittersweet flavor, so it is an alternative for school snacks.

[Health properties and sensory quality of apple snack destined for school feeding]. / Propiedades saludables y calidad sensorial de snack de manzanas destinadas a alimentacion escolar.

An apple snack has been developed with the purpose of introducing foods derived from fruit to reduce obesity in school children of Santiago, Chile. Apple slices of the 'Fuji' variety were dehydrated, with skin included, at 60 degrees C for 4 h obtaining a product with 4.6 g/100 g of humidity and water activity (Aw) of 0.56. The apple snack presented 24.8 +/- 0.3 g/100 g b.s. of dietary fiber and 550.16 +/- 5.89 mgGAE/100 g b.s of polyphenols which converts into a healthy food, it also presents high antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP, with 0.59 mmolFe/100g. The sensory analysis done in school children between the ages of 8 and 12 years old indicates that the product presents high acceptability, is a crispy product, of a crunchy texture, with bittersweet flavor, so it is an alternative for school snacks.

[Study of the reineta protein modifications (Brama australis), put under freezing and storage to -18 degrees C and -30 degrees C]. / Estudio de las modificaciones en proteínas de reineta (Brama australis), sometidas a congelación y almacenamiento a -18-C y-30-C.

The objective of the present work was to study functional and thermal properties of reineta (Brama australis) frozen meat, analysed by water retention capacity (WRC), gel forming capacity (GFC), texture, emulsifying capacity and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For this study, reineta fillets were obtained and extracted by the same conditions, and cutted, packaged, frozen and stored at -18 degrees C and -30 degrees C for 7 months. The results obtained, showed that there were no signifficant differences in the responses to thermal treatment for all the specimens. For samples frozen at -18 degrees C and -30 degrees C, the protein contents were 23.5 + 0.0 and 25.4 + 1.0%, respectively. The WRC values were 0.45 + 0.1 and 1.59 +/- 0.0 g water/g protein, respectively. The gel forming capacity was only present in the fresh samples, whereas the frozen stored ones only form protein aggregates. The emulsifying capacity was between 960 and 1400 g oil / g protein, and the storage time increased this value. The miosin denaturation temperature (Td) and denaturation enthalpy (?H), obtained by DSC, fluctuated between 39.2 +/- 0.5 to 44.8 +/- 0.8 degrees C and 1.12 +/- 0.3 to 0.52 +/- 0.2 J/g, respectively. The actina values were between 71.0 +/- 0.6 to 75.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C and between 0.5 +/- 0.1 to 0.7 +/- 0.1 J/g. Cooperativity decreased as the storage time increased. This is showing a certain degree of protein displacement. The values found by thermal analyses showed a direct relationship with the functional properties, both decreasing with storage time.

Efecto de tratamientos térmicos sobre el contenido de lisina disponible en carne de jaiba mora (Homalaspis plana) / Effect of thermal treatment on the available lysine content of mora crab (Homalaspis plana) meat

The effect of different high temperatures treatments on the available lysine content of mora crab meat, was studied. Fresh pincer meat from mora crab (from the V region) was extracted and kept in ice until the thermal process of the canned product. A 3(2) statistical design was applied, considering the following variables temperature (80 degrees C, 100 degrees C and 121 degrees C) and time (15, 30 and 45 minutes). Nine conditions temperature-time were obtained. Nutritional properties from available lysine were studied. A decrease from 8.33 (in raw meat) to 6.01 g/g protein in the most drastic thermal conditions, was observed. It ca be concluded that the content of available lysine in mora crab meat is more affected by time than by the temperature of the thermal treatments. Therefore the nutritive quality can be maintained applying high temperature and short time treatments.